Free Guide to Understanding Colt Serial Numbers

How Colt Serial Numbers Are Structured and What They Tell You

Colt serial numbers are the foundation for understanding a firearm's history, manufacturing period, and authenticity. Each serial number follows specific patterns that changed over time as Colt Manufacturing evolved its production methods and record-keeping systems. The structure of a Colt serial number can reveal whether a gun was made in the 1800s or the 2000s, which factory produced it, and sometimes even the specific month of manufacture.

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The format and placement of serial numbers on Colt firearms changed dramatically throughout the company's history. Early Colt revolvers from the 1800s had serial numbers stamped on individual components—the barrel, cylinder, and frame—but these numbers didn't always match. This practice reflected the way firearms were assembled using interchangeable parts. Later production runs moved toward consistent serial numbering across all major parts of the gun. Modern Colts typically feature the serial number on the frame in a standardized location, making it easier to identify and verify.

Understanding serial number structure requires knowing the specific era you're examining. A five-digit number found on a revolver tells a different story than a six-digit number, and the presence of letters versus only numbers changes the interpretation completely. Some Colt models from specific decades included letter prefixes or suffixes that indicated the model type or manufacturing facility. For example, serial numbers from the 1960s and 1970s often included letter combinations that directly corresponded to model designations.

The serial number also appears in different locations depending on the model and era. On Single Action Army revolvers, the serial number is typically found on the frame under the loading gate. On Double Action revolvers, it's usually on the frame near the trigger guard. Semi-automatic pistols like the M1911 have serial numbers on the frame, typically on the right side. Rifles and carbines display them on the frame or receiver in locations that vary by model and manufacturing period.

Practical takeaway: Before attempting to interpret a Colt serial number, identify the exact model and note where the serial number is located on the firearm. Take clear photographs of the number from multiple angles. This documentation will help you research the gun's production period and verify authenticity against known Colt manufacturing records.

Colt Revolver Serial Numbers: From the 1800s Through Modern Times

Colt revolvers represent the longest continuous production line in the company's history, beginning with the earliest percussion models in the 1830s and continuing through modern double-action revolvers. Each era of revolver production used different serial numbering systems, and learning to read these systems helps you determine when a revolver was manufactured and which generation it belongs to.

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The earliest Colt revolvers, known as Paterson revolvers (1836-1842), had serial numbers that ranged from 1 to approximately 2,850. These early numbers are often found on multiple parts of the revolver due to the manufacturing practices of the era. Following the Paterson period, Colt introduced the Dragoon revolvers (1848-1860), which continued the sequential numbering but reset for each model variant. Serial numbers on Dragoon models typically appear on the barrel, cylinder, frame, and gripstrap.

The Civil War era brought the Model 1860 Army revolver, one of Colt's most produced firearms. Serial numbers on these guns range from 1 to approximately 200,000 and were manufactured between 1860 and 1873. The numbers were stamped on the barrel, cylinder, frame, and other components. These serial numbers help collectors and historians determine which guns were purchased by the military versus civilian buyers, as military purchases were often recorded with corresponding serial number ranges.

The Single Action Army revolver, introduced in 1873, became Colt's flagship product for generations. Serial numbers on SAA revolvers began at 1 and eventually reached over 350,000 in the original production run (1873-1941). The serial number location on SAA revolvers is standardized: found on the frame under the loading gate. Knowing the SAA serial number allows researchers to narrow down the production year to a specific range, sometimes within just a few years for the earliest models.

Double-action revolver serial numbers from the early 1900s through the mid-1900s followed similar sequential patterns but reset at different points depending on the specific model. Models like the Police Positive and Official Police had their own serial number ranges. From the 1950s onward, Colt implemented more systematic serial numbering that included letter prefixes indicating the year of manufacture, making identification significantly easier for modern production firearms.

Practical takeaway: Create a reference document for the specific revolver model you own or are researching. Record the serial number, note the locations where it appears on the gun, and compare this information against published Colt production tables available through firearms reference books and online databases. This allows you to estimate a production year range with reasonable confidence.

Semi-Automatic Pistol Serial Numbers: The M1911 and Beyond

Colt's semi-automatic pistols, particularly the M1911 and its variants, represent a crucial chapter in American military and civilian firearms history. The serial numbering system for these pistols evolved significantly from the gun's introduction through modern production runs. Understanding these serial numbers helps identify military-issued weapons, early commercial models, and post-war production variations.

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The original M1911 pistol began production in 1911 with serial number 1. The military continued ordering these pistols through World War I, World War II, Korea, and Vietnam, with Colt producing guns with serial numbers that reached well over 2 million. However, the serial number alone doesn't tell you whether a gun was military or commercial—you must examine the markings, finish, and construction details alongside the serial number. Military M1911s were typically marked with military insignia and had parkerized finish, while civilian commercial models had different finishes and markings.

During World War II production (1942-1945), Colt manufactured M1911A1 pistols for the military at an accelerated pace. Serial numbers from this period are particularly sought by collectors because they represent a specific historical moment. The serial numbers continued sequentially, but the production quality and specifications sometimes varied depending on material shortages and wartime manufacturing demands. A serial number in the 1.2 to 1.4 million range typically indicates World War II production.

After World War II, Colt continued commercial production of the 1911 under model names like the Government Model and Commander. The serial numbering system for these commercial pistols sometimes reset or used letter prefixes and suffixes to denote different model variants or production runs. Starting in the 1970s, Colt introduced letter prefixes that indicated the year of manufacture, making it much easier to date these firearms. A "70" prefix might indicate 1970s production, though the exact correspondence varies by specific model line.

Modern Colt semi-automatic pistols, including models like the XM177E2 carbine (actually a rifle, but included for completeness in semi-auto discussions) and contemporary M1911 reproductions, use standardized serial number formats that typically include both letters and numbers. These modern serial numbers are easier to research because Colt maintains more comprehensive production records for recent decades, and the serial number codes are more transparent and consistent.

Practical takeaway: For M1911 and M1911A1 pistols, cross-reference your serial number with published military production records to determine whether your gun was military-issued or commercially produced. Record any additional markings on the frame, slide, and grip—these markings often provide context about the pistol's history that the serial number alone cannot.

Dating Your Colt Firearm: Using Serial Numbers with Production Tables

Dating a Colt firearm using its serial number requires access to reliable production tables and a clear understanding of how serial number ranges correlate with specific years or periods. Colt's record-keeping evolved over time, and different model lines used different numbering systems, which means there is no universal formula that applies to all Colt firearms. However, several methods can help you narrow down a production date.

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For many Colt models produced in the 1960s and later, the serial number includes letter prefixes that directly correspond to manufacturing years. The letter system typically used A through Z to represent years, cycling through the alphabet multiple times as production continued. Learning to read these letter codes can pinpoint the year of manufacture within a narrow window. For example, if a Colt Python revolver has a serial number beginning