Understanding Form 1099-SA: A Free Guide

What Form 1099-SA Is and Why It Matters

Form 1099-SA is a tax document that reports distributions (withdrawals) from a Health Savings Account (HSA), Archer Medical Savings Account (Archer MSA), or Medicare Advantage MSA during a specific tax year. The IRS requires financial institutions to send this form to account holders and to the government to track these distributions for tax purposes.

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Understanding this form is important because it directly affects your taxes. When you withdraw money from an HSA or MSA, the IRS needs to know about it to determine whether those withdrawals were used for medical expenses. If you withdrew money for non-medical purposes, you may owe taxes and penalties on that amount. If you used the money for qualified medical expenses, the distribution is typically tax-free.

The form itself is relatively simple. Box 1 shows the total amount distributed from your account during the year. Box 2 shows the amount that came from earnings (the interest or growth your money made in the account). These two pieces of information form the foundation of how the IRS evaluates whether your distribution should be taxed.

Unlike some tax forms that require you to take action, Form 1099-SA is informational. Your bank or HSA custodian generates it automatically when you make distributions. You should receive it by January 31st of the following year. This timing allows you to include the information when you file your taxes.

Practical takeaway: When you receive Form 1099-SA, keep it with your tax documents. The amounts reported on this form must match your records of withdrawals you made during that tax year.

How HSAs and MSAs Work: The Foundation for Understanding 1099-SA

A Health Savings Account (HSA) is a special savings account designed to help people pay for medical expenses. To have an HSA, you must be covered by a high-deductible health plan (HDHP). In 2024, a high-deductible plan means an individual plan with at least a $1,600 deductible or a family plan with at least a $3,200 deductible. You can contribute pre-tax money to your HSA, and that money grows tax-free as long as you use it for medical purposes.

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Archer MSAs and Medicare Advantage MSAs work similarly to HSAs but are available to different groups of people. Archer MSAs were available to self-employed people and small business owners, though new enrollments have been closed since 2003. Medicare Advantage MSAs are for people enrolled in certain Medicare Advantage plans. These accounts function like HSAs in that distributions for medical expenses are not taxed.

The key benefit of these accounts is the tax advantage. Contributions reduce your taxable income. The money you earn (interest) inside the account is not taxed. And distributions for medical expenses are not taxed. This triple tax advantage is why these accounts are powerful savings tools for health care costs. Many people can accumulate substantial amounts over time if they don't withdraw money every year.

According to data from the Employee Benefit Research Institute, about 30 million people had HSAs in 2022, showing significant growth in HSA popularity over the past decade. The average HSA balance for account holders over age 65 was approximately $6,600, while younger account holders typically had lower balances.

Practical takeaway: Form 1099-SA reports distributions from accounts that exist primarily for tax-advantaged health care savings. Understanding the account rules helps you understand why the form matters to the IRS.

Decoding the Boxes on Form 1099-SA

Form 1099-SA contains several boxes that each report different information about your distributions. Box 1a shows the total distribution amount paid to you during the tax year. This is simply the dollar amount of all money you withdrew from your HSA, Archer MSA, or Medicare Advantage MSA. If you made multiple withdrawals throughout the year, this box contains the total of all those withdrawals.

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Box 1b shows the net distribution amount, which is the amount in Box 1a reduced by any trustee-to-trustee transfers. A trustee-to-trustee transfer occurs when you move money directly from one HSA custodian to another without the money coming to you. These transfers are not distributions, so they are subtracted from the total. This is important because distributions you didn't actually receive shouldn't be counted as taxable to you.

Box 2 shows the earnings portion of the distribution. This is the amount of growth your account experienced. If you contributed $2,000 and your account grew to $2,200, the earnings would be $200. The earnings portion is particularly important for determining taxes, because if you use earnings for non-medical expenses, you owe both income tax and a 20 percent penalty (or 15 percent if you're age 65 or older for an HSA).

Box 3 typically shows the fair market value of any HSA insurance policies included in the distribution. Most people won't have anything in this box. Boxes 4 and 5 indicate the state and state identification number. These are informational and help identify the account and the financial institution. Some forms also include information about whether an HSA was an HDHP-qualified HSA, which affects certain calculation rules.

Practical takeaway: Focus on Box 1b (net distribution) and Box 2 (earnings) when reviewing your Form 1099-SA. These two numbers are central to understanding how much of your withdrawal might be subject to taxes.

Qualified Medical Expenses and Tax-Free Distributions

The reason Form 1099-SA matters is that it triggers IRS scrutiny of whether your distributions were used for qualified medical expenses. If they were, your distribution is tax-free. If they weren't, you owe tax and may owe penalties. The IRS has a specific list of what counts as qualified medical expenses for HSA and MSA purposes.

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Qualified medical expenses are those incurred for diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or for treatment affecting any part or function of the body. This includes obvious items like doctor visits, hospital stays, prescription medications, and dental care. It also includes less obvious items like eyeglasses, hearing aids, and crutches. According to IRS Publication 969, over 200 specific items and services may count as qualified medical expenses.

Examples of qualified expenses include: amounts you pay toward your health insurance deductible, copayments, and coinsurance; prescription medications and insulin; over-the-counter medications (if you have a prescription for them); dental and vision care; hearing aids and batteries; wheelchairs, walkers, and mobility equipment; fertility treatment; and mental health counseling. Many people don't realize that over-the-counter medications now count as qualified only if you have a prescription, a change made by tax law.

Non-qualified expenses do not count and will result in taxes and penalties. These include cosmetic procedures (unless they're medically necessary), gym memberships, general health supplements, cosmetics, toiletries, and non-prescription medications for minor ailments. If you use HSA money for these items, the amount used comes out as a non-qualified distribution.

The burden is on you to keep records proving your distributions were for qualified expenses. The form 1099-SA alone doesn't tell the IRS whether your withdrawal was qualified or not. You should keep receipts, medical statements, and documentation for three to seven years (depending on your specific situation) to substantiate your distributions if the IRS ever asks.

Practical takeaway: Save receipts and documentation for every HSA or MSA distribution you make. The IRS may ask for proof that distributions were for qualified medical expenses, and you'll need records to support your claim.

Tax Implications of Non-Qualified Distributions

If you withdraw money from your HSA or MSA for non-medical purposes, that portion is treated as income and is subject to both regular income tax and an additional penalty. Understanding the tax consequences helps explain why the IRS issues Form 1099-SA and why you need to track your distributions carefully.

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For non-qualified distributions from an HSA (other than Medicare Advantage MSA), you owe income tax on the amount withdrawn, plus an additional 20 percent penalty tax on the earnings portion. So if you withdraw $1,000