Learn About Wrongful Termination Rights and Laws

When Termination May Be Unlawful

Not all job terminations are legal. While employers in the United States generally have the right to fire workers for poor performance, missing work, or failing to meet company standards, federal and state laws create important boundaries around this power. Understanding when an employer crosses the line into unlawful termination is the first step in protecting your rights as a worker.

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One of the most common forms of unlawful termination involves discrimination. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from firing workers based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. For example, an employer cannot terminate an employee because they are Asian, Christian, or from Mexico, even if they claim poor job performance. Similarly, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act protects workers who are 40 years old or older from being fired solely because of their age. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prevents employers from terminating someone because of a disability or perceived disability, provided the person can perform the essential functions of the job with or without reasonable accommodations.

Retaliation is another critical protection under federal law. If you report illegal activity—such as safety violations, wage theft, discrimination, or environmental hazards—your employer cannot fire you in response. This protection applies whether you report the violation internally to your company or externally to a government agency like OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) or the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). The law recognizes that workers need protection from retaliation to feel safe speaking up about wrongdoing.

Many states have additional laws protecting workers from wrongful termination. Some states recognize a "public policy exception," which prevents employers from firing workers for reasons that violate public policy. For instance, an employer cannot terminate someone for serving on jury duty, voting, filing a workers' compensation claim, or taking legally protected time off for military service or jury duty. A few states even recognize broader protections, such as firing someone for refusing to commit an illegal act or for exercising their First Amendment rights outside of work.

Contractual violations also constitute unlawful termination. If you have an employment contract—whether written or implied—that specifies the terms of your employment, your employer generally must follow that contract. For example, if your contract states you can only be fired for cause, and you're terminated without cause, that may be a breach of contract. Similarly, if your employee handbook describes a specific discipline process that must be followed before termination, and your employer skipped those steps, you may have a claim.

Practical Takeaway: Unlawful termination typically falls into a few categories: discrimination based on protected characteristics, retaliation for reporting violations or exercising legal rights, breach of an employment contract, or violation of state public policy protections. If your termination happened shortly after reporting safety concerns, shortly after you turned 40, or shortly after disclosing a disability, these timing patterns can suggest the termination may have been unlawful. Consider writing down the specific reason your employer gave for your termination and the timing of any legally protected actions you took beforehand.

Protected Reasons for Employment

Federal and state laws protect certain categories of workers and certain circumstances under which workers cannot be fired. These protections recognize that some factors about a person's identity, beliefs, or legally protected actions are off-limits for termination decisions. Understanding which protections apply to your situation helps you recognize whether your termination may have violated the law.

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Race, color, and national origin are protected under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act. This means an employer cannot terminate you because of your race (whether Black, White, Asian, Native American, Pacific Islander, or multiracial), your skin tone, or your country of origin or ancestry. Discrimination based on accent or English proficiency may also violate this law in certain circumstances, particularly when the policy is applied inconsistently or is not necessary for job performance. For example, a customer service representative might genuinely need clear English communication, but a warehouse worker performing inventory would not.

Religious beliefs and practices receive explicit protection. Employers must reasonably accommodate an employee's religious observance unless doing so creates undue hardship to the business. This includes Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, atheism, and many other belief systems. If you need time off for prayer, sabbath observance, or religious holidays, or if you need to wear religious clothing or maintain religious grooming practices, your employer generally must accommodate you unless the accommodation would be genuinely difficult or costly. An employer cannot fire you simply because your religious practice inconveniences them.

Sex-based discrimination protections cover not only discrimination based on being male or female, but also sexual harassment, pregnancy discrimination, and sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination (in jurisdictions that have extended these protections). The Pregnancy Discrimination Act specifically requires employers to treat pregnancy-related conditions the same as other medical conditions. If a non-pregnant employee can take medical leave or light duty, a pregnant employee cannot be treated worse. Many states and cities have expanded protections to cover discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity, meaning employers in those jurisdictions cannot fire someone for being LGBTQ+.

Age is protected for workers 40 and older under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). Employers cannot use age as a factor in termination decisions. This protection applies whether someone is 40, 55, or 75 years old. Courts have found violations when employers made comments about someone being "overqualified" for entry-level positions, when they replaced older workers with younger ones, or when they targeted older workers during layoffs. A pattern of hiring younger workers while firing older ones can demonstrate unlawful age discrimination.

Disability status is protected under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). An employer cannot fire someone because of a physical or mental disability, a history of disability, or because the employer regards someone as disabled. The law requires employers to provide reasonable accommodations—changes to the work environment or job duties—that allow qualified individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions of their job. Reasonable accommodations might include modified schedules, accessible facilities, assistive technology, or job restructuring. An employer can only refuse an accommodation if it would cause undue hardship to the business.

Military service and veteran status receive protection under the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA). If you take time off for military service, your employer must restore you to your job or an equivalent position when you return. You cannot be fired because of your service, your status as a veteran, or your military obligations. Additionally, many states protect workers who are National Guard or reserve members from discrimination based on their military duties.

Jury duty and voting are protected activities. An employer cannot fire you for serving on a jury or for voting. If your employer pressures you to skip jury duty or threatens your job for serving, that is unlawful retaliation. Similarly, taking reasonable time off to vote in an election is protected in many states.

Workers' compensation claims receive strong protection. If you are injured on the job or develop an occupational illness and file a workers' compensation claim, your employer cannot fire you in retaliation. Many wrongful termination cases arise when workers are terminated shortly after reporting workplace injuries or filing claims.

Public policy protections vary by state but often include firing someone for refusing to commit an illegal act, for reporting illegal activity, for exercising First Amendment rights outside of work, for fulfilling civic duties, or for taking legally mandated leave. Some states protect workers who are victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, or stalking if they need time off for legal proceedings or safety measures.

Practical Takeaway: Review the circumstances of your termination against these protected categories. Ask yourself: Was I fired shortly after a legally protected action? Does my termination involve one of my protected characteristics—my race, age, religion, disability status, or military service? Did I report a safety violation or illegal activity before being fired? Were other employees who did similar things treated differently? Document any comments your employer made that referenced these protected characteristics or actions, as such statements can serve as evidence of unlawful motivation.

Steps to Document Your Situation

If you believe your termination was unlawful, documentation becomes your most powerful tool. The records and evidence you gather will be essential if you file a complaint with a government agency or pursue legal action. Strong documentation helps establish the facts of your case, demonstrates timing, and can show patterns of unlawful behavior. Begin documenting immediately, even before you decide whether to pursue a claim.

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Start with your termination notice and any written communications from your employer regarding the termination. Save your final paycheck stub, any severance agreement, and termination letters. These documents