Learn About Texas Car Title and Ownership Information

Understanding Texas Vehicle Title Basics

A vehicle title is a legal document that proves who owns a car, truck, motorcycle, or other motor vehicle. In Texas, the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles (TxDMV) issues titles for all registered vehicles. Think of a title as similar to a deed for a house—it establishes ownership and contains important information about the vehicle itself.

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Texas titles include several key pieces of information: the vehicle identification number (VIN), the owner's name and address, the vehicle's make and model, the year of manufacture, and the odometer reading at the time of title issuance. The title also notes whether there are any liens against the vehicle. A lien means someone (usually a lender) has a financial interest in the vehicle until a loan is paid off.

Texas recognizes two main types of titles: regular titles and salvage titles. A regular title indicates the vehicle is in normal condition and legally roadworthy. A salvage title is issued when a vehicle has been declared a total loss by an insurance company or has damage exceeding about 80 percent of its value. Vehicles with salvage titles have significant restrictions on use and resale.

The state also issues branded titles in certain situations. For example, a flood-damaged vehicle, a vehicle that has been recalled multiple times, or a vehicle that previously had a salvage title may receive a branded title that notes these issues. This branding follows the vehicle and must be disclosed to any future buyers.

Texas is a "certificate of title" state, meaning the state maintains official records of vehicle ownership. When you buy a used vehicle in Texas, the seller must transfer the title to you. This transfer creates an official record showing you as the new owner. The title document itself is the legal proof of this ownership.

Practical takeaway: Your vehicle's title is your legal proof of ownership. Keep it in a safe place, and understand what type of title your vehicle carries, as this affects its value and how you can use it.

How to Obtain a Title in Texas

If you purchase a new vehicle from a dealership in Texas, the dealer typically handles the title application process on your behalf. The dealership submits the paperwork to TxDMV within 30 days of the sale. You should receive your title in the mail within a few weeks. However, if you buy a used vehicle from a private seller, you must apply for a title transfer yourself.

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To transfer title from a seller to yourself, you need several documents. First, you need the current title signed by the seller. The seller must sign the back of the title or provide a separate document of transfer. Second, you need an Application for Texas Title and/or Registration (Form 130-U). This form is available on the TxDMV website and at county tax assessor-collector offices. Third, you need proof of Texas automobile insurance, which is required by law.

You must also provide proof of identification and residency. A Texas driver's license or identification card serves both purposes. If you don't have Texas ID, you can use other documents showing your name and current address. Additionally, you need the vehicle's VIN and the odometer reading. This reading becomes part of the official record and helps prevent odometer fraud.

The cost to obtain or transfer a title in Texas varies slightly by county but typically ranges from $25 to $37. You pay this fee when you submit your application at your county's tax assessor-collector office. Some counties now accept applications by mail or online, though many still require in-person visits for certain transactions. Check your county's specific procedures on its website.

If the vehicle has a lien, the lienholder's name appears on the title. You cannot transfer a clear title until the lien is released. When you pay off a loan on a vehicle, the lender provides a lien release document. You then submit this release along with your title application to clear the lien and transfer ownership.

If you purchase a vehicle from out of state, Texas law requires you to obtain a Texas title within 30 days of bringing the vehicle into the state. The process is similar to a title transfer—you submit the out-of-state title along with your application and supporting documents.

Practical takeaway: Gather all required documents before visiting your county tax assessor-collector office. Required items include the signed title, proof of insurance, proof of identification, and the application form. Budget 2-3 weeks for title processing.

Replacing a Lost, Damaged, or Stolen Title

If your title has been lost, stolen, or damaged beyond readability, Texas allows you to request a duplicate title. You do not need to own the vehicle outright or have it currently registered to request a duplicate. This process is relatively straightforward and typically costs between $5 and $10, depending on your county.

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To obtain a duplicate title, complete Application for Duplicate or Corrected Title (Form 130-U). Submit this form to your county's tax assessor-collector office along with proof of identification and the required fee. You can submit the application in person, by mail, or online if your county offers that option. Processing time is typically 2-4 weeks.

If your title was stolen, you have the option to report the theft to local law enforcement and request the replacement title note "not negotiable" on it. This prevents someone else from fraudulently transferring your vehicle. To add this notation, include a police report number with your duplicate title application.

A damaged title can sometimes be repaired if only a small portion is illegible. Contact your county tax assessor-collector office with photos of the damage. If the title cannot be salvaged, they will process a duplicate. Texas will not charge you again if you previously paid for the original title.

In cases of severe weather disasters, Texas TxDMV sometimes waives fees for duplicate titles. Following hurricanes, floods, or other natural disasters, the agency may issue temporary title documentation without charge while permanent replacements are processed. Check the TxDMV website during and after any major disaster event.

If you cannot locate the original title and are unsure whether it was lost or stolen, the tax assessor-collector office can check TxDMV records to see if a duplicate has already been issued. This prevents you from accidentally requesting multiple duplicates, which may raise questions about the vehicle's ownership history.

Practical takeaway: Keep your title in a fireproof safe or safety deposit box. If it is lost or damaged, apply for a duplicate using Form 130-U at your county office. The process is quick and inexpensive.

Title Transfers and Changes of Ownership

Title transfer occurs when vehicle ownership changes from one person to another. This is different from title correction, which fixes errors on an existing title. Understanding the transfer process helps ensure a smooth ownership change and protects both buyer and seller legally.

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When selling your vehicle, you must sign the title over to the buyer. In Texas, you sign the back of the title or provide a separate document authorizing the transfer. The buyer's name, address, and driver's license number must be clearly written on the title. Some sellers and buyers also complete a bill of sale, which is a separate document recording the sale details and price. While not required in Texas, a bill of sale provides additional documentation of the transaction.

The buyer then takes the signed title and other required documents to the county tax assessor-collector office to complete the transfer. The buyer pays the title transfer fee and provides proof of insurance. The office processes the application and issues a new title in the buyer's name. This title includes the new owner's information and, if applicable, any lienholder information from the purchase.

If the vehicle has a lien, the seller cannot transfer clear title. The lien appears on the title document and indicates that a lender has an interest in the vehicle. When the seller pays off the loan, the lender releases the lien in writing. The seller then provides this release document along with the title to the buyer. The buyer submits everything together to transfer clear title.

Some vehicles have multiple owners listed on the title. In Texas, if both owners are listed, both must sign the title for a valid transfer. If owners are listed separately with "or" between their names, either owner can transfer the vehicle. The exact language on the title determines who must sign.

Name changes on a title occur through a similar process. If you marry and change your name, divorce and change your name, or legally change your name for other reasons, you can update