Learn About Stress Test Procedures and Heart Health

Understanding What a Stress Test Is and Why Doctors Order Them

A stress test, also called an exercise stress test or treadmill test, is a medical procedure that shows how your heart works when it has to pump harder and faster. During the test, you exercise on a treadmill or stationary bike while doctors monitor your heart's electrical activity, heart rate, and blood pressure. The test helps doctors see if your heart gets enough blood flow during physical activity.

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Doctors order stress tests for several reasons. They may suspect you have coronary artery disease, which happens when fatty deposits build up inside the arteries that supply blood to your heart. According to the American Heart Association, coronary artery disease affects about 6.2 million Americans. A stress test can reveal whether your heart is getting enough oxygen during exercise, which would be harder to detect when you're sitting still.

Your doctor might recommend a stress test if you have chest pain, shortness of breath during activity, or a family history of heart disease. The test can also be used after a heart attack to see how well your heart recovered, or before major surgery to check if your heart can handle the physical stress of the operation. Some people get stress tests as part of regular screening if they have risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or diabetes.

The test typically lasts between 30 and 60 minutes from start to finish. Most of that time involves preparation, the actual exercise period, and recovery monitoring. The exercise phase usually lasts 8 to 12 minutes. Technicians attach small sticky patches called electrodes to your chest, which connect to an electrocardiogram machine that records your heart's electrical signals throughout the test.

Practical Takeaway: If your doctor mentions a stress test, ask them specifically why they think you need one and what they're looking for. Understanding the reason helps you prepare mentally and follow pre-test instructions more carefully.

How Stress Test Procedures Work: Step by Step

Before your stress test begins, you'll meet with a technician or nurse who will explain the entire process. They'll ask about your medical history, current medications, and any symptoms you've been experiencing. It's important to be honest about all medications you take, because some drugs can affect heart rate and blood pressure during the test. Your doctor may ask you to stop taking certain medications before the test—never stop taking any medication without your doctor's instruction.

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You'll change into comfortable exercise clothing and have electrodes placed on your chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes are painless; they simply stick to your skin with a mild adhesive. The electrodes connect to wires that run to the electrocardiogram machine, which continuously records your heart's electrical activity. A blood pressure cuff wraps around your arm and automatically measures your blood pressure at intervals. A pulse oximeter—a small clip that usually goes on your finger—measures oxygen levels in your blood.

Once you're connected to all the monitoring equipment, you'll start with a baseline measurement. You'll stand or sit still for a few minutes while the machine records your resting heart rate and blood pressure. Then you'll step onto the treadmill or sit on the stationary bike. The exercise starts at a very easy level—typically a slow walking pace on the treadmill. Every few minutes, the speed and incline increase, making the exercise progressively harder.

Throughout the test, the technician watches both you and the monitor displaying your heart's activity. They'll ask you regularly how you're feeling and whether you're experiencing any chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or unusual sensations. You should speak up immediately if you feel unwell. The test continues until you reach your target heart rate—usually about 85 percent of your maximum predicted heart rate based on your age—or until you develop symptoms that concern the doctor.

When the exercise phase ends, you don't stop immediately. Instead, you'll cool down gradually, usually by walking slowly for a few minutes while the technician continues monitoring your heart rate and blood pressure as they return toward normal. This recovery phase is important because it shows how well your heart bounces back after exertion. You'll rest in the recovery area for several more minutes while the technician monitors you and removes the electrodes.

Practical Takeaway: Wear comfortable shoes and clothes you can exercise in. Let the technician know immediately if you feel uncomfortable—there's no prize for pushing through pain, and the test can be stopped anytime if needed.

Preparation Steps Before Your Stress Test

Preparing properly for a stress test helps ensure you get accurate results. Your doctor's office will provide specific instructions, but some general guidelines apply to most patients. For 24 hours before your test, avoid caffeine—this includes coffee, tea, soda, energy drinks, and chocolate. Caffeine can elevate your heart rate and affect the test results. Similarly, avoid nicotine products and smoking for at least 8 hours before the test, though quitting longer is even better.

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On the day of your test, eat a light breakfast or lunch several hours before—don't come on an empty stomach, but don't eat a heavy meal either. A heavy meal can make you uncomfortable during exercise. Wear loose-fitting, comfortable clothes and athletic shoes with good support. Avoid wearing tight clothing that restricts movement or makes it hard to place electrodes on your chest. Bring a list of all medications and supplements you take, including over-the-counter drugs and herbal products.

Your doctor may ask you to stop taking certain heart medications before the test so they don't mask the results. Beta-blockers, which many heart patients take, can reduce your heart rate and prevent you from reaching the target heart rate needed for an accurate test. Never stop taking medications on your own—wait for your doctor's specific instructions. Arrange for someone to drive you home after the test, as you may feel tired, and some doctors prefer that patients don't drive themselves after the procedure.

Get a good night's sleep before your test. Being well-rested helps you perform better during the exercise phase and reduces anxiety. If you're nervous about the test, that's normal—many people feel anxious before medical procedures. Talking with your doctor about your concerns can help ease your mind. Some medical offices offer videos or written materials explaining exactly what will happen, which can reduce anxiety.

Check the weather on the day of your test and prepare accordingly. You'll be going back and forth between a waiting area and the testing room, so dress in layers if needed. Bring your insurance card and any required paperwork. Arrive early so you're not rushed, which can increase anxiety and elevate your baseline heart rate.

Practical Takeaway: Create a checklist from your doctor's instructions and check off items as you complete them. The week before, write down all your medications and any questions you want to ask the doctor or technician.

Understanding Your Stress Test Results

After your stress test is complete, the doctor analyzes the information collected by the electrocardiogram machine, blood pressure measurements, and your symptoms during exercise. Results typically become available within a few days. Your doctor will explain what the results mean for your heart health and discuss next steps if needed.

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A "normal" stress test result means your heart responded appropriately to exercise. Your heart rate increased steadily, your blood pressure rose as expected, and the electrocardiogram showed no abnormal patterns. You didn't experience chest pain or concerning symptoms. This generally means your heart is getting adequate blood flow during activity and doesn't show signs of coronary artery disease. However, a normal result doesn't mean you'll never have heart problems—it's a snapshot of your heart's function on that particular day.

An "abnormal" result suggests your heart may not be getting enough blood flow during exercise. The electrocardiogram might show changes in the electrical activity, you might have experienced chest pain or severe shortness of breath, or your blood pressure might not have risen as expected. An abnormal result doesn't automatically mean you have heart disease, but it does mean your doctor needs to investigate further. They might order additional tests, such as a cardiac catheterization, where a thin tube is threaded through blood vessels to check for blockages, or a nuclear stress test, which uses radioactive dye to show blood flow to the heart muscle.

Sometimes results are "inconclusive" or "indeterminate," meaning the test didn't clearly show whether your heart is getting enough blood flow. This can happen if you couldn't exercise hard enough to reach your target heart rate because of fatigue, muscle pain, or other limitations. In these cases, your doctor