Learn About Disability Benefit Options and Programs

Understanding the Main Federal Disability Benefit Programs

The U.S. Social Security Administration manages two major programs that provide monthly cash payments to people with disabilities. These programs have different rules about work history, age, and how much money you can earn while receiving benefits. Learning about how each program works can help you understand which options might be relevant to your situation.

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Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) is a program based on your own work history and the taxes you've paid into Social Security. If you've worked long enough and paid Social Security taxes, you may have built up credits toward this program. The amount of the monthly benefit depends on your earnings record—generally, people who earned more during their working years receive higher monthly payments. In 2024, the average SSDI benefit is around $1,550 per month, though this varies significantly based on individual work histories.

Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a needs-based program, meaning it considers your current income and resources. This program serves people with disabilities who have limited work histories or who haven't worked enough to build SSDI credits. SSI also helps elderly people (age 65 and older) and blind individuals. The federal SSI payment in 2024 is $943 per month for individuals, though some states add additional payments on top of this amount. Unlike SSDI, which is based entirely on your work record, SSI looks at whether you have savings, property, or other income sources.

Both programs require that a medical condition severely limits your capacity to work. This isn't just any medical condition—the condition must prevent you from doing substantial work for at least 12 months or result in death. The Social Security Administration maintains a list of conditions that automatically meet this standard, called the Blue Book, though having a condition on this list doesn't guarantee benefits will be approved.

Practical Takeaway: Understanding whether SSDI (work-history based) or SSI (needs-based) might apply to you is the first step in learning about these programs. Your work history, current income, and resources determine which program could be relevant to explore further.

How Work History and Work Credits Affect SSDI

SSDI is built on a concept called work credits. To understand how this program functions, you need to know what work credits are and how they're earned. Each year you work and pay Social Security taxes, you earn credits toward SSDI coverage. In 2024, you earn one credit for every $1,730 in wages or self-employment income, and you can earn a maximum of four credits per year. This means if you earn $6,920 in a year, you've earned the maximum four credits for that year.

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The number of credits you need to be covered by SSDI depends on your age when you become disabled. Generally, you need 40 credits total, with at least 20 of those credits earned in the 10 years before you became disabled. For younger workers, fewer credits may be required. For example, a 24-year-old would need only 12 credits total to have SSDI coverage. This is one reason why SSDI can be relevant even for people who haven't worked for many decades—once you've earned enough credits, you maintain coverage even if you stop working.

It's important to understand that earning work credits requires that you actually work and pay Social Security taxes. Receiving other benefits like unemployment payments, workers' compensation, or welfare payments does not earn work credits. Only wages from employment or income from self-employment count toward building SSDI coverage.

If you've worked on and off throughout your life, your work history is still recorded by Social Security. You can create a "my Social Security" account online to view your earnings record and see how many credits you've earned. This record shows year by year how much you earned and how many credits were attributed to each year. Reviewing this information can give you a sense of whether you might have enough credits for SSDI, though only the Social Security Administration can make the final determination about your coverage.

The earnings record is also important because your SSDI benefit amount is calculated based on your average earnings over your working years. Workers who earned higher wages throughout their careers typically receive higher monthly SSDI benefits. The Social Security Administration uses your highest 35 years of earnings (adjusted for wage inflation) to calculate your benefit amount.

Practical Takeaway: Check your Social Security earnings record through your online account to understand your work history and credits. This information helps you understand whether you might have SSDI coverage and gives you a starting point for understanding how much a benefit might be.

SSI Resource and Income Limits Explained

SSI is a program designed to help people with disabilities who have limited financial resources. Unlike SSDI, which doesn't have limits on how much money you can have in the bank, SSI has strict rules about what you can own and what income you can receive. Understanding these limits is essential for learning whether SSI might be relevant to your situation.

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As of 2024, the federal SSI resource limit for an individual is $2,000. This means your total countable resources—things like cash, bank accounts, and investments—cannot exceed $2,000. For a couple, the limit is $3,000. These limits have not changed since 1989, though there have been discussions about updating them. Importantly, not all resources count toward this limit. Your home and the land it sits on do not count, and one car is typically not counted regardless of its value. Household goods and personal effects also don't count. Some states disregard additional resources beyond the federal minimum.

Income limits are more flexible in SSI than resource limits. The program allows you to receive some income without losing your full benefit. In 2024, the federal SSI benefit is $943 monthly for an individual. However, the program doesn't subtract the entire benefit when you have income. Instead, SSI uses specific rules about what counts as income and how it's treated. For example, the first $65 of earned income per month is not counted, and then only 50 percent of additional earned income beyond that is subtracted from your benefit. This means you can work and still receive some SSI benefit, though the relationship between your earnings and your benefit amount can be complex.

Unearned income—money that doesn't come from work, like Social Security benefits, pensions, or family support—is treated differently. The first $20 per month of unearned income is not counted, but dollar-for-dollar reductions apply after that. This means if you receive $100 in unearned income monthly, $80 of it would reduce your SSI benefit.

Some types of income don't count toward SSI limits at all. For example, food and shelter assistance from nonprofit organizations, housing vouchers, and some types of social services don't reduce your SSI payment. Similarly, some gifts and certain kinds of financial assistance don't count as income. Each situation is different, and understanding which income sources affect SSI requires detailed conversation with the Social Security Administration.

Practical Takeaway: If you're exploring SSI, take inventory of your current resources and income sources. SSI has strict resource limits ($2,000 for individuals in 2024), but some income is allowed, particularly earnings from work. Understanding what you have and what you earn is the foundation for learning how SSI might work for you.

Continuing Care Requirements and Medical Reviews

Receiving SSDI or SSI is not permanent without conditions. Both programs require that you continue to have a medical condition that prevents you from working. The Social Security Administration conducts periodic medical reviews to ensure that beneficiaries still meet the program's disability standard. Understanding how these reviews work and what they mean can help you prepare for ongoing participation in either program.

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The frequency of medical reviews depends on your condition and how likely it is to improve. The Social Security Administration categorizes cases into three groups: cases where improvement is expected, cases where improvement is possible, and cases where improvement is unlikely. If improvement is expected, you might have a medical review within 6-18 months of being approved for benefits. If improvement is possible, reviews typically happen every 1-3 years. If improvement is unlikely, reviews might happen less frequently, perhaps every 5-7 years. Some people with conditions that are very unlikely to improve may have reviews scheduled less often.

During a medical review, you'll receive a form asking about your current condition, any medical treatment you're receiving, and how your disability affects your ability to work. You'll be asked to provide updated medical information from your doctors. In some cases, the Social Security Administration may schedule a medical