Learn About Canada's Asylum Application Process

Understanding Canada's Asylum System: The Basics

Canada's asylum process is a legal pathway for people who fear persecution or danger in their home countries and seek protection. This system operates under Canadian and international law, including the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The process involves several government agencies working together, including Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA), and the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB).

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An asylum seeker is a person who has made a claim for protection but whose claim has not yet been decided. A refugee, according to Canadian law, is someone who meets the definition in the Convention and has been found to need protection. This distinction matters because it affects a person's status, rights, and access to services while their claim is being reviewed.

The asylum process serves an important humanitarian purpose. It recognizes that some people face real dangers—such as war, persecution based on religion or political beliefs, or violence targeting specific groups—and need a safe place to rebuild their lives. Canada receives tens of thousands of asylum claims annually. In 2022, Canada received approximately 76,000 asylum claims, making it one of the countries that processes significant numbers of protection claims.

Understanding how this system works matters whether you are considering making a claim, supporting someone who has, or simply wanting to know more about Canadian immigration policy. The process has specific timelines, requirements, and decision points. Each step involves different organizations and follows particular rules established by Parliament.

Practical Takeaway: The asylum system is distinct from other immigration pathways like skilled worker programs or family sponsorship. Knowing the basic structure—who decides claims, which agencies are involved, and what stages exist—helps you understand what to expect or how to support someone navigating the process.

How Asylum Claims Are Made: Entry Points and Initial Steps

People can make asylum claims at different points when entering or living in Canada. The most common entry point is at a port of entry—airports, land borders, or other official crossing points—when a person arrives in the country. A person can also make a claim from inside Canada if they are already here, even if they entered without authorization. Additionally, some claims are referred by the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) or other organizations for people living outside Canada.

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When someone arrives at a Canadian port of entry and indicates they fear persecution, CBSA officers conduct what's called a "credible basis" interview. This initial conversation determines whether the person's claim will be forwarded to the Immigration and Refugee Board for a full hearing. The officer asks about the person's background, the country they're from, and the reasons they fear returning home. This is not the full decision on the claim—it is a preliminary screening to see if the claim has enough basic credibility to proceed. Statistics show that roughly 75-80% of claims meet this threshold and move forward to the IRB.

For people making claims from inside Canada, the process differs slightly. They must submit a claim form and supporting documents through IRCC within specific timeframes. Inland claims—those made by people already in Canada—are processed by IRCC before moving to the IRB for a hearing decision.

At all entry points, the person making the claim provides biographical information, travel documents, and an initial explanation of their situation. This information is recorded and verified when possible. The person may be fingerprinted, photographed, and security checked. These steps help establish identity and check whether the person poses any security risk to Canada.

Practical Takeaway: Asylum claims can be made at borders or from within Canada, and the starting point affects how the process unfolds. Understanding where and how to make a claim—and what happens immediately after—helps clarify what the person can expect in the first days and weeks.

The Refugee Determination Hearing: What Happens Before the IRB

After a claim passes the initial credible basis screening, it moves to the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (IRB). The IRB is an independent tribunal—meaning it is separate from other government agencies and makes its own decisions based on evidence and law. The Refugee Protection Division (RPD) of the IRB is the part that holds hearings and decides asylum claims for people in Canada.

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Before the hearing takes place, there is typically a preparation period. The IRCC gathers and translates documents, arranges for an interpreter if needed, and prepares the case file. The person making the claim (called the "claimant") receives a list of what the government has on file and has a chance to provide additional documents, medical records, police reports, or letters from people who can speak to their situation. This stage may take several months depending on the complexity of the claim and the current workload at the IRB.

A hearing before the IRB is similar to a court proceeding. The person making the claim sits with their representative (if they have one) and tells their story to a single decision-maker called a member. The member listens to testimony, reviews documents, and may ask questions. The claimant explains what happened in their home country and why they fear returning. They may bring witnesses—friends, family members, or expert witnesses like human rights researchers—who can provide information supporting the claim.

The government is represented by a Citizenship and Immigration Officer (CIO) whose role is to test the evidence and ensure all relevant facts are considered. The CIO may question the claimant and challenge parts of their story. This questioning is not personal—it is a legal process meant to thoroughly examine the claim. A hearing typically lasts between two and six hours, though complex cases may require multiple hearing dates.

Interpreters provide real-time translation if the claimant does not speak English or French. Legal aid funding may be available to help pay for representation, which can be crucial since navigating legal procedures and presenting evidence effectively requires knowledge of both the law and the system.

Practical Takeaway: The IRB hearing is the main opportunity for a claimant to present their case directly. Preparing thorough documentation, understanding the hearing process, and having representation or support significantly impacts how well a claim can be presented to the decision-maker.

Grounds for Protection Under Canadian Law

Canadian asylum law recognizes specific grounds on which a person can receive protection. These grounds come from international law and Canadian legislation, primarily the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA). Understanding what counts as a valid reason for protection shapes how people present their claims and what evidence they need to gather.

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The Convention refugee definition is the primary ground. It applies to people who have a well-founded fear of persecution based on one of five protected grounds: race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. Persecution means serious harm—not just discrimination or hardship, but threats to safety, freedom, or basic rights. A person must show that their government is unwilling or unable to protect them, or that the persecution comes from the government itself. For example, a person facing death threats from their government because of their political activities, or a woman facing honor-based violence that her government does not prevent, may meet this definition.

A second ground is "person in need of protection," sometimes called the section 97 ground. This applies to people who would face a substantial risk of torture, a risk to their life, or a risk of cruel and unusual punishment if returned to their home country. This is broader than the refugee definition and applies in situations where persecution might not be based on one of the five protected grounds. Examples include people fleeing gang violence, domestic violence with no state protection, or medical conditions that would not be treated in their home countries. In recent years, about 20-30% of positive decisions have been based on this ground rather than the Convention refugee definition.

The law also includes a "best interests of the child" consideration. If the claimant is a minor, the decision-maker must think about what is best for the child as part of the overall assessment. Additionally, Canada has obligations under the Convention Against Torture and other international agreements that require protection for people facing certain serious harms.

Certain situations do not qualify for protection, regardless of hardship. General poverty, lack of economic opportunity, family separation, or natural disasters alone are not grounds for asylum. Also, a person may be excluded from protection if they have committed crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity, or serious crimes outside Canada. This exclusion provision exists in international law and reflects the principle that protection should not shelter serious criminals.

Practical Takeaway: Asylum protection is available for specific reasons defined in law. Understanding these grounds—persecution