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Understanding Your Tax Return and Why Filing Matters

A tax return is a form you submit to the IRS (Internal Revenue Service) that reports your income, deductions, and credits for a specific tax year. Most people file annually for the previous calendar year, typically between January 1 and April 15. The purpose of filing is to show the government how much money you earned and to determine whether you owe taxes or are due a refund.

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According to the IRS, approximately 150 million individual tax returns are filed each year in the United States. Even if you didn't earn much income or think you don't owe taxes, filing may still be beneficial. For example, if you worked a job and taxes were withheld from your paycheck, filing allows you to recover that money as a refund. Similarly, if you had certain life events like having children, getting married, or starting a business, you may have access to tax credits or deductions that only appear when you file.

The IRS uses tax returns to verify income, track earned income tax credit claims, and process refunds. Filing also creates an official record that can be useful for future applications, such as loans or rental agreements, where lenders or landlords may request proof of income. Without filing, you miss opportunities to receive refunds owed to you and may face penalties if you were required to file.

Understanding the basics of tax filing helps you navigate the process more confidently. A tax return isn't simply about paying money—it's also a tool to recover funds and document your financial situation. Knowing this foundation makes reviewing a tax submission guide much more useful.

Practical Takeaway: Before diving into filing, know that a tax return serves two main purposes: reporting your income to the government and potentially recovering overpaid taxes through a refund.

What Information You'll Need to Gather Before Filing

Preparing to file your tax return requires collecting several types of documents and information. Having these materials ready before you begin makes the filing process significantly smoother and reduces errors. The IRS estimates that gathering documents takes most people between 30 minutes and 2 hours, depending on how complicated your tax situation is.

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Start by gathering documents related to income. If you worked as an employee, your employer will send you a W-2 form by January 31 each year. This form shows your wages and the taxes already withheld. If you're self-employed or had freelance income, you'll need records of all payments received. The IRS requires you to report all income, even if you didn't receive a form documenting it. Keep receipts, invoices, or bank statements showing deposits from clients or customers.

Next, collect records of deductions and credits. Common deductions include mortgage interest statements (Form 1098), property tax records, charitable donations, and medical expenses. If you have children or dependents, gather their Social Security numbers and birth dates. Student loan interest statements, education expenses, and childcare receipts should also be organized. The IRS notes that the average filer benefits from deductions they would have missed without documentation.

You'll also need identification information for yourself and your spouse if filing jointly. Have your Social Security number, date of birth, and current address readily available. If you filed taxes last year, having that return can be helpful as many items carry over.

For those using filing software or working with a tax professional, submitting organized information saves time and money. Create a folder—physical or digital—with all documents labeled by category. This organization prevents overlooking deductions and ensures accuracy.

Practical Takeaway: Create a checklist of documents you need (W-2 forms, receipts, statements) and gather them in one location before you begin filing to avoid scrambling later.

Types of Tax Returns and Which Form Suits Your Situation

The IRS offers multiple ways to file your tax return, and choosing the right method depends on your financial situation, income level, and comfort with technology. Understanding your options helps you select the approach that works best for you.

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The simplest option is using IRS Free File software. The IRS partners with tax software companies to offer free filing through their Free File program for individuals and families with annual income under approximately $79,000. Major software providers like TurboTax, H&R Block, and TaxAct participate in this program. Free File software guides you through questions about your income, deductions, and credits, then generates your return automatically. The software often catches errors and provides explanations for each section.

If you prefer not to use software, the IRS provides paper forms. Form 1040 is the standard individual income tax return form. Depending on your situation, you may need additional schedules—supplemental forms that go with Form 1040. For example, Schedule C is used if you're self-employed, and Schedule A is used if you're itemizing deductions rather than taking the standard deduction. Paper filing requires more time and manual calculation, but some people prefer this approach for clarity.

Another option is working with a paid tax professional. Certified Public Accountants (CPAs), Enrolled Agents (EAs), and tax preparation services can file on your behalf. While this option costs money, it may save you time and be worthwhile if your tax situation is complex—such as owning a business, having investment income, or dealing with rental property. The IRS estimates the average cost of professional tax preparation ranges from $150 to $500 depending on complexity.

Volunteers also prepare taxes for free through the Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) program, particularly for low-income individuals, seniors, and people with limited English proficiency. VITA sites operate at libraries, community centers, and nonprofit organizations throughout the tax season.

Practical Takeaway: Assess whether your income and tax situation qualify for IRS Free File, or whether you'd benefit from paper filing or professional assistance, based on your comfort level and financial complexity.

Common Deductions and Credits That Reduce Your Tax Burden

Deductions and credits are two different ways the tax code reduces the amount of tax you owe. Understanding what's available can substantially lower your tax bill. The IRS reports that missed deductions and credits cost taxpayers billions of dollars in unclaimed refunds annually.

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Deductions reduce your taxable income—the income amount that tax is actually calculated on. There are two main categories. The standard deduction is a flat amount the IRS allows everyone to subtract from income without needing documentation. For the 2024 tax year, the standard deduction is $14,600 for single filers and $29,200 for married couples filing jointly. Alternatively, you can itemize deductions if they total more than the standard deduction. Itemized deductions include mortgage interest (up to $750,000 in mortgage debt), state and local taxes (capped at $10,000), charitable donations, and significant medical expenses exceeding 7.5% of your income.

Credits are more valuable because they reduce your actual tax owed dollar-for-dollar. The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is one of the largest. If you have a low to moderate income, this credit can return several hundred to several thousand dollars. In 2023, the maximum EITC was up to $3,733 for individuals without children and up to $3,733 for families with one child, rising to $3,995 for families with three or more children.

The Child Tax Credit provides up to $2,000 per child under 17. The American Opportunity Tax Credit offers up to $2,500 for education expenses. If you're a first-time homebuyer, paid student loan interest, installed energy-efficient improvements, or contributed to retirement savings, you may have access to additional credits or deductions. The Saver's Credit, for example, helps lower-income workers who contribute to retirement accounts receive a credit up to $1,000.

Many people miss these opportunities because they don't know they exist. A tax submission guide explains what credits and deductions are available, who may be eligible, and where to claim them on your return. This information alone often results in significantly larger refunds.

Practical Takeaway: Review lists of common deductions (mortgage interest, charitable donations, medical expenses) and credits (Earned Income Tax Credit, Child Tax Credit, education credits) to determine which ones may apply to your situation.

Step-by-Step Process for Preparing and Submitting Your Return

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