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What Licorice Root Is and Where It Comes From

Licorice root comes from the licorice plant, scientifically known as Glycyrrhiza glabra. The plant grows naturally in parts of Western Asia, the Mediterranean region, and parts of North Africa. The root of this plant has been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine systems, particularly in Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic medicine. Historical records show that ancient Egyptian physicians documented licorice use around 2300 BCE, and the plant appears in texts from ancient Greece and Rome as well.

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The licorice root itself is the underground stem system of the plant. Harvesters typically extract these roots when the plant is three to four years old, as this is when the concentration of compounds in the root reaches optimal levels. The roots are then dried, processed, and made into various forms including powders, extracts, teas, supplements, and confections. The distinctive sweet flavor comes from a compound called glycyrrhizin, which is approximately 30 to 55 times sweeter than table sugar.

Global licorice production involves several major regions. Spain, Italy, and other Mediterranean countries produce significant quantities, while China and Russia also maintain substantial licorice cultivation. According to industry data, the global licorice market generates hundreds of millions of dollars annually in commercial trade. The root has been incorporated into traditional candy manufacturing in Northern Europe and parts of Asia for centuries, which is why you may recognize licorice flavor in various sweets and teas.

Understanding the plant's origin and history helps explain why it appears in so many different cultural and medical traditions. The plant's adaptability to different climates and soil conditions has allowed it to spread across multiple continents. Today, licorice root continues to be researched by scientists studying traditional plant compounds and their properties.

Practical Takeaway: Licorice root is a plant with ancient roots in multiple cultures and continues to be cultivated worldwide. Knowing its background helps you understand why it appears in so many different traditional practices and modern products.

Traditional Uses of Licorice Root Across Different Cultures

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), licorice root holds a special place as one of the most frequently prescribed herbs. TCM practitioners have used it for over 2,500 years, often combining it with other herbs to enhance their effects or to balance their properties. The role of licorice root in TCM includes supporting what practitioners call the "spleen qi" and promoting overall digestive function. Many TCM formulas contain licorice root as a key ingredient, particularly those focused on respiratory and digestive support.

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Ayurvedic medicine, the traditional medical system of India, also incorporates licorice root extensively. Known as "yastimadhu" in Sanskrit, it has been documented in Ayurvedic texts for thousands of years. Ayurvedic practitioners traditionally use it to support healthy digestion, promote oral health, and support the respiratory system. The herb is considered one of the rasayanas, or rejuvenating substances, in Ayurvedic philosophy.

In ancient Egyptian medicine, licorice root appears in the famous Ebers Papyrus, one of the oldest medical texts in existence, dated to around 1550 BCE. The document describes using licorice for various purposes. Greek and Roman physicians also documented the plant, with the Greek physician Hippocrates mentioning its uses in his medical writings around 400 BCE.

Persian and Arabic medical traditions incorporated licorice root into their herbal pharmacopeias as well. Islamic physicians during the medieval period wrote extensively about the plant's properties and applications. This widespread adoption across so many different cultures and time periods suggests that the plant offered properties that various practitioners found valuable in their respective medical systems.

European herbalists adopted licorice root during the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods. It became a standard ingredient in apothecaries and herbal shops throughout Europe. Monks in monasteries grew licorice plants in their medicinal herb gardens, and the plant was traded along spice routes as a valuable commodity. This integration into European herbalism helped establish licorice root as a recognized botanical substance in Western traditions.

Practical Takeaway: Licorice root appears in medical traditions spanning from ancient Egypt to modern-day Asia and Europe, demonstrating its role across multiple cultures and centuries of documented use.

What Research Shows About Licorice Root Compounds

Licorice root contains over 300 different chemical compounds, but scientists have focused particular attention on a few key ones. Glycyrrhizin is the most abundant active compound, making up approximately 2 to 15 percent of the root by weight depending on the plant variety and growing conditions. This compound is responsible for the distinctive sweet taste and is also the subject of extensive scientific study. Another important compound is liquiritigenin, a flavonoid that researchers have investigated for various properties.

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Scientific publications show that researchers have examined these compounds in laboratory settings and animal studies to understand how they function at a cellular level. Studies published in journals like the Journal of Medicinal Food and Phytotherapy Research have explored the properties of licorice root extracts. For example, a 2016 review in the journal Phytotherapy Research examined multiple studies on licorice root compounds and their mechanisms of action in the body. Researchers have documented that glycyrrhizin and other compounds in licorice root interact with various biological systems in measurable ways.

The compound liquiritigenin has been the subject of numerous laboratory studies examining how it behaves in cellular environments. Isoliquiritigenin, another flavonoid in licorice root, has similarly been investigated by researchers interested in understanding plant-derived compounds. These studies typically occur in test tubes or animal models first, before any consideration of human application.

Scientists have also studied how the body processes licorice root compounds when ingested. Glycyrrhizin, for instance, is metabolized by gut bacteria into a compound called 18-beta-glycyrrhetinic acid. This metabolite appears in blood plasma and has been measured in multiple pharmacokinetic studies. Understanding these metabolic pathways helps researchers comprehend how licorice root compounds move through the body and where they accumulate.

It is important to note that laboratory research and animal studies do not automatically translate to effects in human beings. Many compounds that show activity in test tubes or animal models may not produce the same results in human clinical trials. Scientists emphasize the distinction between in vitro (test tube) research, animal studies, and human clinical evidence when discussing botanical compounds.

Practical Takeaway: Licorice root contains scientifically identified compounds that researchers have studied in laboratory and animal settings to understand their basic properties and how the body processes them.

Licorice Root Products and Forms Available

Licorice root is available in numerous different forms, each with different production methods and concentration levels. The whole dried root can be purchased from herbal suppliers and used to make tea by steeping in hot water. This form preserves the complete plant material and all its compounds. Powdered licorice root is another common form, created by grinding dried root into fine powder. This powder can be mixed into liquids, added to foods, or encapsulated.

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Licorice root extract concentrates the compounds from the root into a smaller volume. These extracts may be liquid, meaning they are dissolved in alcohol or glycerin, or they may be dry powders created through extraction and evaporation processes. Standardized extracts are produced to contain specific percentages of key compounds like glycyrrhizin, allowing for more consistent dosing. A study examining commercial licorice products found significant variation in compound concentrations between different brands and suppliers, highlighting the importance of sourcing from reputable manufacturers.

Licorice root supplements are sold as capsules or tablets, often combined with other herbs in formulas designed for specific purposes. These combination products might pair licorice root with ginger, slippery elm, or other botanicals. Some manufacturers create licorice products specifically designed for particular applications, such as respiratory support or digestive wellness formulas.

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice (DGL) is a specialized form where much of the glycyrrhizin has been removed through processing. This form was developed because glycyrrhizin can affect mineral balance in the body when consumed in large amounts, a topic covered in more detail in the section on considerations and cautions. DGL products are specifically marketed for people seeking licorice root without this particular compound.