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What This Guide Covers About Social Security

Social Security includes two separate programs that provide monthly payments to different groups of people. The first is Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), which makes payments to working-age people with disabilities and to their family members in some situations. The second is Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which provides monthly payments based on financial need rather than work history. While both programs are administered by the Social Security Administration, they have different rules, payment amounts, and requirements. Understanding the difference between them is the first step toward learning how these programs work.

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According to the Social Security Administration, as of 2024, approximately 8.3 million people receive SSDI payments each month. Additionally, about 7.4 million people receive SSI payments. These numbers show that millions of Americans rely on these programs for basic income support. The average SSDI payment in 2024 is approximately $1,550 per month, while SSI federal payment amounts are lower, at around $943 per month for an individual (though some states add supplemental payments on top of the federal amount).

This guide explains the key features of each program without requiring any technical knowledge. It walks through how payments are calculated, what happens when your circumstances change, and how the Social Security Administration processes requests for information. The guide also includes examples based on real situations to help illustrate how these programs function. By reading through each section, you'll develop a clearer picture of how these two income support systems operate.

Practical Takeaway: Before exploring whether either program might apply to your situation, spend time understanding what each program does. SSDI is based on work history and disability status, while SSI is based on financial need. Knowing this difference will help you understand which program's rules matter most to your circumstances.

How SSDI Works: Disability Insurance Payments Explained

SSDI stands for Social Security Disability Insurance. It's a program that provides monthly payments to people who have worked and paid Social Security taxes, but who now have a medical condition that prevents them from working. The program also provides payments to certain family members of disabled workers, including spouses and children in some cases. To receive SSDI, the Social Security Administration must determine that a person's medical condition meets the program's definition of disability.

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The definition of disability used by Social Security is strict. A person must have a medical condition—physical or mental—that prevents them from doing substantial work and is expected to last at least 12 months or result in death. This is different from other types of disability programs. For example, a person might be unable to do their previous job but still be considered capable of substantial work under Social Security's rules. The Social Security Administration maintains a list of medical conditions that automatically meet the disability standard, but having a condition on that list is not required to receive benefits.

The amount of SSDI payment a person receives is based on their earnings record. Workers who earned more during their working years, and who paid Social Security taxes on those earnings, typically receive higher SSDI payments. A person's payment amount is calculated based on their "primary insurance amount," which reflects their average earnings history. In 2024, the maximum SSDI payment available is $3,822 per month, though most recipients receive less. A married couple where both have work histories might each receive payments based on their individual earnings records.

Family members can also receive SSDI payments based on a disabled worker's record. A spouse aged 62 or older, or a spouse of any age who is caring for the disabled worker's child who is younger than 16, may receive payments. Unmarried children of a disabled worker under age 19 (or up to age 19 if they are full-time students) can also receive payments. Additionally, adult children who became disabled before age 22 may continue to receive payments on the disabled parent's record throughout their adult life.

Practical Takeaway: SSDI payments are directly connected to how much a person earned during their working years. Before exploring SSDI further, think about your work history and whether you have paid Social Security taxes over a sustained period. The Social Security Administration website provides a tool called "my Social Security" that allows you to view your earnings record, which is the foundation of any SSDI payment calculation.

Understanding SSI: Supplemental Security Income Based on Need

SSI, or Supplemental Security Income, operates under very different rules than SSDI. SSI is a federal program funded through general tax revenue (not through the Social Security payroll tax), and it provides monthly payments to people with limited income and resources who are either over age 65, blind, or disabled. Unlike SSDI, SSI does not require a work history. Instead, it focuses on whether a person has enough money to meet basic needs like food, shelter, and clothing.

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To receive SSI, a person must meet strict financial limits. For 2024, a single person cannot have more than $2,000 in countable resources, and a married couple cannot have more than $3,000 in countable resources. "Countable resources" include things like savings accounts, stocks, and bonds. However, certain resources do not count toward this limit. For example, a person's home and one vehicle typically do not count. Additionally, some personal items and household goods do not count. A small amount of money (called "excluded income") also does not count toward the income limit.

SSI income limits in 2024 are $943 per month for an individual and $1,415 for a couple (federal payment amounts). These are the maximum payment amounts available under the federal SSI program. However, 30 states provide additional SSI payments on top of the federal amount. Some examples of income that counts include wages from work, unemployment benefits, SSDI payments, and pension payments. However, certain types of income do not count, including the first $65 of monthly earned income plus half of remaining earnings, certain in-kind support, and some assistance from non-profit organizations.

One important feature of SSI is that it can serve as a "safety net" benefit. A person receiving SSI automatically also receives Medicaid coverage in most states. Additionally, while a person's income might be higher than SSI's limit, they might still receive a partial SSI payment if enough of their income is excluded through specific rules. For example, students can exclude student earned income up to certain limits, and people aged 65 and older have different income exclusions than younger people.

Practical Takeaway: SSI is based entirely on financial need and current income and resources—not on work history. If you are exploring SSI, gather information about your current income sources and your savings, checking accounts, and other resources. The Social Security Administration provides worksheets and detailed information about what counts and what does not count toward the resource and income limits.

How Payments Work: Processing, Amounts, and Changes

Once a person has been determined to receive either SSDI or SSI, the Social Security Administration processes monthly payments automatically. SSDI and SSI payments are typically sent through direct deposit to a person's bank account, though some people receive payments through a prepaid card called a Direct Express card. Payments are sent on the same day each month, based on the recipient's birth date. For example, people born on the 1st through the 10th of a month might receive payments on the 2nd Wednesday of the month, while those born on the 11th through the 20th receive payments on the 3rd Wednesday, and so on.

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The amount of an SSDI payment stays the same each month, unless a change occurs—such as when a family member's circumstances change or when the worker begins earning substantial income. The Social Security Administration adjusts SSDI payments each year for cost-of-living increases. In 2024, the cost-of-living adjustment was 3.2 percent, meaning all SSDI recipients received a 3.2 percent increase in their monthly payments compared to 2023. These adjustments happen automatically; recipients do not need to take any action.

SSI payments can change more frequently because they are based on current income and resources. If an SSI recipient begins earning income from work, their payment decreases because of the earned income rules mentioned earlier. If they lose that job or earn less, their payment increases. If they receive a gift or inheritance, their resources might exceed the limit, making them ineligible for that month. SSI recipients are expected to report changes in income, resources, living arrangements, and household composition to the Social Security Administration. Failure to report changes can result in overpayment, which the Social Security Administration may recover in future months by reducing payments or requesting