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Understanding What an ECG Test Measures

An electrocardiogram, commonly called an ECG or EKG, is a simple test that records the electrical activity of your heart. Every time your heart beats, it creates small electrical signals. These signals travel through your heart muscle and make it contract, pushing blood throughout your body. An ECG machine detects these electrical signals and displays them as waves on paper or a computer screen.

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The test typically takes between 5 and 10 minutes to complete. During the procedure, a technician or nurse places 10 small sticky patches called electrodes on your chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes connect to wires that run to the ECG machine. The machine reads the electrical signals and creates a visual record called a tracing or strip. This tracing shows your heart's rhythm and electrical patterns over a short period of time.

According to the American Heart Association, ECGs are one of the most common tests performed in medical settings. In 2022, millions of Americans underwent ECG testing as part of routine check-ups, hospital visits, or diagnostic evaluations. The test is painless, non-invasive, and produces no radiation exposure, making it a low-risk way to gather information about heart function.

An ECG can detect several conditions. These include irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias), signs of a previous heart attack, enlarged heart chambers, electrolyte imbalances, and problems with heart rate. Some people have ECGs during routine physical exams. Others receive them when they visit the emergency room with chest pain or shortness of breath. Athletes sometimes get baseline ECGs before starting competitive sports programs.

Practical takeaway: Knowing what an ECG measures helps you understand why a doctor might order one. The test provides a snapshot of your heart's electrical activity at a specific moment in time.

How to Read a Basic ECG Tracing

An ECG tracing may look confusing at first glance, but it follows a standard pattern. The horizontal axis represents time, moving from left to right. The vertical axis represents the strength of the electrical signal, measured in millimeters. Together, these axes create a grid that helps doctors measure and interpret what they see.

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The most recognizable feature of an ECG is the repeating pattern of peaks and valleys. These are labeled with letters: P, Q, R, S, T, and sometimes U. Each letter represents a specific part of the heartbeat cycle. The P wave shows the electrical activity as the top chambers of the heart (atria) contract. The QRS complex—the most prominent spike—represents the electrical activity as the bottom chambers (ventricles) contract. This is usually the tallest peak on the tracing. The T wave shows the electrical recovery of the ventricles as they relax and prepare for the next beat.

Normal heart rate on an ECG ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute at rest. A tracing showing a regular pattern of spikes at consistent intervals suggests a normal rhythm. If the spacing between spikes becomes irregular or the pattern changes, this may indicate a rhythm problem. A very slow heart rate (below 60 beats per minute) is called bradycardia. A very fast heart rate (above 100 beats per minute) is called tachycardia.

The distance between the peaks tells doctors how long each heartbeat takes. Doctors measure this distance using the grid squares on the paper. Standard ECG paper moves at a known speed, so measurements are consistent and comparable. Changes in the height or width of waves can indicate problems like enlargement of heart chambers, thickened heart muscle, or damage from a previous heart attack.

Practical takeaway: Learning the basic pattern—P wave, QRS complex, T wave—gives you a starting point for understanding what doctors see when they read an ECG.

Common Reasons Doctors Order ECG Tests

Doctors order ECGs for many different reasons. The most common situation is when a person comes to the hospital or clinic complaining of chest pain or discomfort. An ECG helps determine whether the heart muscle is being damaged or deprived of blood. This is especially important in emergency rooms, where doctors need quick information to guide treatment decisions. A person experiencing chest pain might receive an ECG within minutes of arrival.

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People with shortness of breath may also need an ECG. Shortness of breath can have many causes, but some are related to heart problems. The test helps doctors distinguish between heart-related breathing problems and other causes like lung disease or anxiety. Patients who feel dizzy or faint sometimes get ECGs to check for dangerous rhythm problems that could cause loss of consciousness.

Some people receive ECGs as part of routine screening, especially if they have risk factors for heart disease. These risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, a family history of heart disease, or a history of smoking. A baseline ECG provides a record of what normal looks like for that individual, which is useful if they develop symptoms later and need comparison.

People preparing for surgery often receive an ECG before the procedure. This is particularly true for older patients or those with known heart problems. The test helps anesthesiologists and surgeons understand cardiac status before administering anesthesia. Patients taking certain medications—especially some drugs used for psychiatric conditions or heart conditions themselves—may need periodic ECGs to monitor for side effects that affect heart rhythm.

Athletes sometimes undergo ECG screening before joining competitive sports programs, though this is more common in certain sports and certain countries. The test can reveal heart problems that might make intense exercise dangerous. People who have experienced a heart attack in the past often have repeat ECGs to monitor their recovery and detect any new problems.

Practical takeaway: Understanding why a doctor recommends an ECG helps you prepare mentally and know what information the test might provide about your specific situation.

What Different ECG Results May Indicate

ECG results come in several categories, and what they might indicate varies widely. A normal ECG shows a regular rhythm with appropriate spacing between beats and normal wave patterns. This suggests the heart is functioning well electrically at the moment of the test. However, a single normal ECG does not guarantee the heart is completely healthy—it only shows what was happening during those few seconds of recording.

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An abnormal ECG may show many different patterns. Atrial fibrillation is a common finding where the top chambers of the heart quiver irregularly instead of contracting forcefully. This appears on the ECG as an irregular pattern without clear P waves. People with atrial fibrillation have an increased risk of stroke because blood doesn't pump efficiently out of the atria, potentially causing clots to form. Atrial fibrillation affects millions of Americans and becomes more common with age.

A widened QRS complex might indicate a bundle branch block, meaning electrical signals are delayed in one of the pathways that normally conduct electricity through the ventricles. This could be caused by scar tissue from a previous heart attack, or it could occur without any underlying heart disease. Doctors interpret this finding in context with the patient's symptoms and medical history.

ST segment changes are particularly important because they may indicate that heart muscle is currently not receiving enough blood. The ST segment is the flat line between the S and T waves. When this segment is elevated or depressed compared to a baseline, it can mean active heart attack or other serious problems. However, ST changes can also occur from other conditions, and doctors never diagnose based on ECG alone.

A prolonged QT interval—meaning the QRS complex and T wave together span too much time—can increase risk of dangerous arrhythmias. This could be inherited, caused by medication, or caused by electrolyte imbalances. Low potassium, low calcium, or low magnesium can all prolong the QT interval.

Evidence of previous heart attack appears as Q waves in certain locations or as permanent ST changes. These findings indicate that heart muscle was damaged in the past but survived the event. People often live many years after heart attacks, and the ECG provides a permanent record of that event.

Practical takeaway: An abnormal ECG result doesn't automatically mean something is seriously wrong, but it does mean your doctor should discuss the findings with you and may recommend additional testing or follow-up.

Additional Tests That May Follow an ECG

When an ECG shows abnormal results or when a doctor needs more information, several other tests may be recommended. A stress test, also called a treadmill test, records the

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