Free Guide to Understanding Vertigo Causes and Relief Options

What Vertigo Is and How It Differs From Dizziness

Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness where you feel like you or the room around you is spinning. Many people use the words "dizziness" and "vertigo" interchangeably, but they describe different sensations. Understanding the difference helps you describe your symptoms to a healthcare provider more clearly.

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When you experience vertigo, the spinning sensation is often intense and can make it hard to balance or stand still. You might feel like the floor is moving beneath you or that the walls are rotating around you, even when you're sitting or lying down. This spinning feeling usually lasts for a specific period—anywhere from seconds to hours—and often comes with other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, or sweating.

Dizziness, on the other hand, is a broader term that includes lightheadedness, feeling faint, or a general sense of being off-balance. Someone who is dizzy might feel like they're about to pass out or that their head is floating, but they don't necessarily feel spinning motion. A person can experience dizziness without ever feeling true vertigo.

The reason this distinction matters is that vertigo usually points to a specific problem with your balance system—either in your inner ear or in your brain. Your inner ear contains fluid and tiny sensory structures that help your body know which way is up and how fast you're moving. When this system doesn't work correctly, your brain receives confusing signals about movement and position, creating the spinning sensation.

Keeping track of when your spinning sensations occur, how long they last, and what you're doing when they happen provides valuable information. Write down whether the room spins when you turn your head quickly, stand up suddenly, or move in specific directions. This information helps healthcare providers narrow down what might be causing your symptoms.

Common Causes of Vertigo: Inner Ear and Beyond

Many different conditions can cause vertigo, and understanding the most common ones helps you recognize patterns in your own experience. The causes fall into two main categories: peripheral vertigo, which involves problems in the inner ear or the nerve connecting it to the brain, and central vertigo, which involves the brain itself.

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Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo, or BPPV, is the most common cause of vertigo, accounting for about 20 to 30 percent of cases. BPPV happens when tiny calcium crystals inside your inner ear become loose and move around. These crystals normally sit in a specific spot, but when they shift, they trigger balance sensors incorrectly. The spinning sensation usually happens when you move your head in a certain direction—like rolling over in bed, looking up, or bending down. BPPV often goes away on its own within weeks, though the symptoms can be bothersome while it lasts.

Vestibulitis is inflammation of the vestibular nerve, which carries balance information from your inner ear to your brain. This condition often follows a viral infection and can cause sudden, severe vertigo that comes on over hours. The spinning sensation typically stays constant rather than coming and going with head movements. Many people with vestibulitis gradually feel better over several weeks as the inflammation decreases.

Meniere's disease affects the inner ear and causes episodes of vertigo that can last hours. People with Meniere's disease often experience hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and a feeling of pressure in the affected ear alongside the spinning sensation. This condition is less common than BPPV but more serious because it can lead to permanent hearing damage if untreated.

Migraines can trigger vertigo in some people, particularly those who experience migraines with aura. The vertigo may come before the headache, during it, or as a separate symptom. Some people experience vertigo-only migraines without any head pain at all.

Central vertigo stems from problems in the brain or brainstem and accounts for about 25 percent of vertigo cases. Causes can include stroke, multiple sclerosis, tumors, or other neurological conditions. Central vertigo may be accompanied by other neurological symptoms like weakness, numbness, or difficulty speaking.

Practical takeaway: Keep a simple log noting when vertigo occurs, how long it lasts, what position triggers it, and any other symptoms you notice. This record helps healthcare providers identify patterns and narrow down potential causes.

When to Seek Medical Evaluation for Your Symptoms

Not every instance of vertigo requires an urgent medical visit, but certain situations warrant prompt evaluation. Knowing when to contact a healthcare provider helps you get appropriate care without unnecessary worry.

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You should seek medical attention soon if you experience vertigo for the first time, if your vertigo pattern changes significantly, or if the spinning sensation lasts longer than a few days. Additionally, if your vertigo is severe enough to prevent you from walking safely or caring for yourself, contact a healthcare provider. Some people can continue their normal activities despite mild spinning, while others find their symptoms completely disabling—either situation merits professional evaluation.

Seek urgent care if vertigo occurs alongside chest pain, severe headache, sudden weakness on one side of your body, difficulty speaking, vision changes, or loss of consciousness. These combinations suggest a more serious condition like stroke or another neurological emergency that needs immediate attention.

When you visit a healthcare provider, you'll likely be asked several questions: When did the spinning start? Does moving your head or changing position make it better or worse? Do you hear ringing in your ears or feel ear pressure? Have you had any recent infections? Do you take any medications? Are you experiencing hearing loss? What other symptoms occur alongside the vertigo?

Your provider may perform specific tests to evaluate your balance system. The Dix-Hallpike test involves moving your head in a particular way while lying back to see if it triggers vertigo—this helps identify BPPV. The Romberg test asks you to stand with your eyes closed to assess balance. Some providers use video goggles that track your eye movements to check for nystagmus, an involuntary eye movement often associated with vertigo.

Depending on what your initial evaluation reveals, you might have imaging tests like an MRI to rule out serious causes, or a hearing test if ear-related problems are suspected. Bloodwork occasionally helps identify infections or other systemic conditions affecting balance.

Practical takeaway: Write down your symptoms and when they started before your appointment. Note any recent illnesses, medications you take, and how your daily activities are affected. This preparation makes your appointment more productive.

Medical Treatments and Therapy Options for Vertigo Relief

Different vertigo causes call for different treatment approaches. Your healthcare provider will recommend options based on what's causing your symptoms and how they're affecting you.

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For BPPV, a specific physical therapy procedure called the Epley maneuver is often very effective. This maneuver involves moving your head and body through a series of positions designed to move the loose crystals in your inner ear back to where they belong. Your physical therapist or healthcare provider guides you through these movements during an office visit. Many people experience significant relief after just one treatment session, though some need repeated sessions. Similar maneuvers exist for different head positions, and your provider selects the right one based on which part of your inner ear is affected.

Vestibular rehabilitation therapy involves specific exercises that help your brain compensate for balance system problems. A physical therapist teaches you movements and activities that gradually retrain your balance system. These exercises might include head movements while focusing on a fixed point, walking patterns, or balance activities done with increasing difficulty. Regular practice of these exercises, often done several times daily, leads to improvement over weeks to months.

Medications can help manage vertigo symptoms and related nausea, though they don't treat underlying causes. Antihistamines like meclizine reduce dizziness sensations and nausea. Anticholinergics like scopolamine calm the balance system. Some providers prescribe low-dose benzodiazepines for severe vertigo, though these carry risks of dependence and are used short-term only. Anti-nausea medications may be prescribed separately if vomiting accompanies your vertigo. Your provider discusses potential side effects of any medication and how it might interact with other drugs you take.

Treating underlying conditions is essential. If migraines cause your vertigo, migraine prevention or treatment addresses the root problem. If vestibulitis results from infection, antiviral or antibiotic medications may be appropriate. Managing