Free Guide to Foot Care for People With Diabetes

Understanding Diabetes and Foot Health

Diabetes affects how your body uses blood sugar, and this can have real consequences for your feet. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 37 million Americans have diabetes, and foot problems rank among the most common complications. When blood sugar levels stay high over time, they can damage the nerves in your feet—a condition called neuropathy—and reduce blood flow to your lower legs and feet.

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High blood sugar damages small blood vessels and nerves. Nerve damage means you might not feel pain, pressure, or temperature changes in your feet. This is particularly dangerous because a small cut or blister that you don't notice can become infected. Meanwhile, reduced blood flow makes it harder for your body to fight infections and heal wounds. The combination creates a serious risk: minor foot injuries can develop into major problems, and in severe cases, infections can lead to amputation.

Research shows that people with diabetes are 15 times more likely to have a lower limb amputation compared to people without diabetes. However, studies also show that about 50% of amputations could be prevented through regular foot care and early treatment of problems. This means paying attention to your feet isn't optional—it's a critical part of managing your diabetes.

The good news is that foot problems don't happen overnight. They develop gradually, which means you have opportunities to catch problems early. By understanding how diabetes affects your feet and learning what to look for, you can take steps to protect your feet and maintain your mobility and independence.

Practical Takeaway: Make foot health part of your diabetes management routine from the start. Check your feet daily, even if you feel fine. Early detection of problems is far easier to treat than advanced infections.

Daily Foot Inspection and Cleaning

Inspecting your feet every single day is the foundation of diabetes foot care. This simple habit can catch problems before they become serious. Because nerve damage from diabetes may prevent you from feeling pain, you need to use your eyes instead. A daily inspection takes only a few minutes but can prevent months of medical treatment and complications.

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When you inspect your feet, look at the tops, bottoms, sides, and between your toes. Check for cuts, cracks, blisters, red spots, swelling, or areas of darkened skin. Feel for any bumps or hardened areas. If you have difficulty seeing the bottom of your feet, use a mirror or ask a family member to check for you. Some people keep a magnifying glass in the bathroom to spot small issues. Write down any changes you notice and mention them to your doctor at your next visit.

Washing your feet daily is equally important. Use warm—not hot—water. Test the temperature with your elbow or a thermometer to make sure it's below 90 degrees Fahrenheit, since nerve damage may prevent you from feeling if water is too hot and causing burns. Wash your feet gently with mild soap, paying special attention to between the toes where moisture and bacteria can accumulate. Dry your feet thoroughly, including between the toes, within five minutes. Moisture left on the skin creates an environment where fungal infections thrive.

After cleaning, apply a moisturizing lotion to the tops and bottoms of your feet, but avoid putting lotion between the toes. The spaces between toes should stay dry. If your feet feel very dry or cracked, apply lotion more frequently—some people need to do this twice daily. Look for lotions designed for feet or general body moisturizers without strong scents or alcohol, which can dry skin further.

Practical Takeaway: Set a specific time each day for foot inspection and cleaning, such as right before bed. Creating a routine makes it automatic and ensures you never miss a day.

Proper Footwear Selection and Fit

The shoes and socks you wear have enormous impact on your foot health when you have diabetes. Ill-fitting shoes are one of the most common causes of foot ulcers in people with diabetes. Pressure points from shoes rubbing against your skin can create blisters or sores that you might not feel due to nerve damage, and these can quickly become infected.

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When choosing shoes, look for styles with low heels—ideally under two inches—and good arch support. Shoes should be wide enough that you can wiggle your toes comfortably. A common mistake is buying shoes that feel tight, thinking they'll stretch with wear. For people with diabetes, a snug fit is too risky. There should be about half an inch of space between your longest toe and the end of the shoe. The shoe should not rub, pinch, or dig into any part of your foot. Many people find it helpful to buy shoes later in the day, when feet are slightly swollen from daily activity, to get a more accurate fit.

Specific shoe features matter for diabetes foot care. Look for shoes with seamless or minimal seams inside, since seams create pressure points. Cushioned soles protect your feet from impact and pressure. Shoes made of breathable materials like leather or canvas allow moisture to escape, reducing fungal infection risk. Some people benefit from custom-molded insoles or orthotics, which distribute pressure more evenly across the foot. Your doctor or podiatrist can recommend whether custom insoles would help your specific foot shape and walking pattern.

Socks deserve as much attention as shoes. Wear socks made of moisture-wicking materials like acrylic or merino wool rather than cotton, which absorbs and holds moisture. Socks should fit smoothly without bunches or wrinkles inside your shoe, as these create pressure points. Some people need seamless socks to avoid irritation. Never go barefoot, even at home. A small cut from stepping on something sharp can become serious. This applies to beaches, pools, and showers—always wear appropriate footwear.

Break in new shoes gradually. Wear them for just one to two hours the first day, then increase gradually over several days. After each wearing, check your feet for any new red spots or irritation. If you notice redness that doesn't fade within 30 minutes of removing the shoes, those shoes aren't right for you and you should try a different pair.

Practical Takeaway: Get professionally fitted for shoes at a store that specializes in footwear or at a podiatry office. The small investment in proper fitting prevents much larger medical costs down the road.

Recognizing Warning Signs and When to Seek Care

Knowing which foot changes require medical attention helps you catch problems before they become serious. Because people with diabetes may not feel pain, you can't rely on discomfort as a warning sign. Instead, you need to recognize visual and physical changes that indicate problems developing.

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Contact your doctor or podiatrist immediately if you notice any of these warning signs: open sores or wounds that aren't healing, increasing redness or warmth in your foot, swelling in your foot or ankle, drainage or pus from any break in the skin, dark discoloration on your skin, or a foul smell coming from your foot. These signs suggest infection, which can progress rapidly in people with diabetes. The earlier you seek treatment, the better the outcome.

Other changes that warrant an appointment include: fungal infections (which appear as discolored, thickened, crumbly nails or persistent itching between toes), corns or calluses that grow larger despite home care, ingrown toenails, new areas of numbness or tingling, or pain that travels up your leg. Fungal infections need treatment because they can spread and create entry points for bacteria. Corns and calluses can develop into ulcers under the pressure points they create. Ingrown toenails can lead to infection if not treated by a professional.

Don't try to treat serious foot problems yourself. Never cut into your skin with razors or knives to remove corns or calluses. Don't use over-the-counter corn removers, which are too harsh and can damage healthy skin. Don't attempt to drain blisters or squeeze infections. These home treatments often make problems worse. Instead, see a podiatrist or your regular doctor. They can properly treat these issues without creating new wounds.

Schedule regular foot exams with your doctor or podiatrist at least once a year, and more frequently if you already have foot problems or severe nerve damage. During professional exams, doctors use tools to assess your nerve function and blood circulation, checking things you can't detect on your own. They can spot early signs of problems you might miss.

Practical Take